This article provides a summary of changes and updates to IRS Federal tax rates and brackets. These adjust annually in line with inflation, under the tax code, to provide for mandatory cost of living adjustments (COLA). You can see the latest updates by year below.
2023 IRS Tax Brackets (for 2024 filings)
Federal income tax brackets expanded by nearly 7% in 2023, the largest increase in over 40 years, while federal tax rates stayed the same. This means if you didn’t see a salary increase in 2023, your take home or net pay will actually go up due to the increase in the inflation adjusted tax brackets.
Key changes included:
- The standard deduction increased again (~7%) across all filing status’. The was a record increase and reduces a taxpayers income subject to taxation.
- The 37% maximum tax rate remains in place for taxpayers with incomes greater than $578,125 (single filers) or $693,750 (married filers)
- There is no longer any personal exemption and no limitation on itemized deductions.
2023 Federal Taxable Income IRS Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, Filing Separate | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $11,000 | Up to $22,000 | Up to $11,000 | Up to $15,700 |
| 12% | $11,001 to $44,725 | $22,001 to $89,450 | $11,001 to $44,725 | $15,701 to $59,850 |
| 22% | $44,726 to $95,375 | $89,451 to $190,750 | $44,726 to $95,375 | $59,851 to $95,350 |
| 24% | $95,376 to $182,100 | $190,751 to $364,200 | $95,376 to $182,100 | $95,351 to $182,100 |
| 32% | $182,101 to $231,250 | $364,201 to $462,500 | $182,101 to $231,250 | $182,101 to $231,250 |
| 35% | $231,251 to $578,125 | $462,501 to $693,750 | $231,251 to $346,875 | $231,251 to $578,100 |
| 37% | Over $578,125 | Over $693,750 | Over $346,875 | Over $578,100 |
| Standard Deduction | $13,850 | $27,700 | $13,850 | $20,800 |
You can see other 2023 tax updates in the following articles
- The Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) exemption rose marginally in line with inflation. See more on AMT changes here.
- Retirement plan contribution limits also changes for 401k and IRA plans.
- Income thresholds for long term capital gains tax rates increased significantly
- Earning Income Tax Credit (EITC) income threshold increase considerably in 2023.
Calculating Your Federal Income Tax
You can figure your federal taxes owed by calculating your income subject to taxes by tax bracket (progressive tax system). Another way is via the tables below where the progressive tax calculation has been done for you, so you just need to use your final income figure to determine the taxes you owe.
E.g If James has $105,000 of taxable income (AGI) after factoring in all allowable deductions as a single filer he would owe $18,600 [$16,290 + 24%x($105,000-$95,375)] in federal taxes to the IRS.
Note – The standard deduction reduces a taxpayers income subject to federal taxes, but several other deductions and credits can also taxable income (AGI). The best way to calculate this via online tax software, which factors in various allowable deductions based on filing status, dependents and other applicable items.
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| 2023 Taxable income | Single Filer – Taxes owed |
|---|---|
| $11,000 or less | 10% of the taxable income |
| $11,001 to $44,725 | $1,100 plus 12% of amount over $11,000 |
| $44,726 to $95,375 | $5,147 plus 22% of amount over $44,725 |
| $95,376 to $182,100 | $16,290 plus 24% of amount over $95,375 |
| $182,101 to $231,250 | $37,104 plus 32% of amount over $182,100 |
| $231,251 to $578,125 | $52,832 plus 35% of amount over $231,250 |
| $578,126 or more | $174,238.25 plus 37% of amount over $578,125 |
| 2023 Taxable income | Married Filed Jointly – Taxes owed |
|---|---|
| $22,000 or less | 10% of the taxable income |
| $22,001 to $89,450 | $2,200 plus 12% of amount over $22,000 |
| $89,451 to $190,750 | $10,294 plus 22% of amount over $89,450 |
| $190,751 to $364,200 | $32,580 plus 24% of amount over $190,750 |
| $364,201 to $462,500 | $74,208 plus 32% of amount over $364,200 |
| $462,501 to $693,750 | $105,664 plus 35% of amount over $462,500 |
| $693,751 or more | $186,601.50 plus 37% of amount over $693,750 |
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2024 Tax Brackets (for 2025 Filings)
Due to lower inflation and cost of living adjustments, 2024 federal income tax brackets expanded much less than they did in 2023. But they did increase, which means that if you don’t see a salary increase in 2024, your take home or net pay will actually go up due to the increase in the inflation adjusted tax brackets.
2024 Federal Taxable Income IRS Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, Filing Separate | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $11,600 | Up to $23.200 | Up to $11,600 | Up to $16,550 |
| 12% | $11,601 to $47,150 | $23,201 to $94,300 | $11,601 to $47,150 | $16,551 to $63,100 |
| 22% | $47,151 to $100,525 | $94,301 to $201,050 | $47,151 to $100,525 | $59,851 to $95,350 |
| 24% | $100,526 to $191,950 | $201,051 to $383,900 | $100,526 to $191,950 | $95,351 to $182,100 |
| 32% | $191,950 to $243,725 | $383,901 to $487,540 | $191,950 to $243,725 | $182,101 to $231,250 |
| 35% | $243,726 to $609,350 | $487,451 to $731,200 | $243,726 to $361,000 | $231,251 to $578,100 |
| 37% | Over $609,350 | Over $731,200 | Over $346,875 | Over $578,100 |
| Standard Deduction | $14.600 | $29,200 | $14,600 | $21,900 |
2022 IRS Tax Brackets (for 2023 filings)
Final 2022 tax brackets have now been published by the IRS and as expected (and projected) federal tax brackets have expanded, while federal tax rates stayed the same. See the latest tables below. Key changes include:
- The standard deduction increased over 3% for all filing status’
- As was the case and due to Trump’s Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts the the personal exemption remained $0 for tax year 2022. There is also no limitation on itemized deductions.
- Tax bracket ranges also increased meaning many folks may see lower taxes in 2022 if there salary didn’t increase beyond 3% to 4%
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2022 Federal Taxable Income IRS Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, filing separately | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $10,275 | Up to $20,550 | Up to $10,275 | Up to $14,650 |
| 12% | $10,276 to $41,775 | $20,551 to $83,550 | $10,276 to $41,775 | $14,651 to $55,900 |
| 22% | $41,776 to $89,075 | $83,551 to $178,150 | $41,776 to $89,075 | $55,901 to $89,050 |
| 24% | $89,076 to $170,050 | $178,151 to $340,100 | $89,076 to $170,050 | $89,051 to $170,050 |
| 32% | $170,051 to $215,950 | $340,101 to $431,900 | $170,051 to $215,950 | $170,051 to $215,950 |
| 35% | $215,951 to $539,900 | $431,901 to $647,850 | $215,951 to $323,925 | $215,951 to $539,900 |
| 37% | Over $539,900 | Over $647,850 | Over $323,925 | Over $539,900 |
| Standard Deduction | $12,950 | $25,900 | $12,950 | $19,400 |
| Personal Examption | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
There several other changes in the IRS revenue procedure and you see more on the AMT changes and EITC updates.
Also see more on the record COLA increase, which may significantly expand tax brackets in 2023. I will publish those when available, including potential forecasts.
Potential Tax Changes from Biden Build Back Better Stimulus Package
[June 2022 update] – The Biden ARPA stimulus package did not pass so the tax changes below won’t be in effect.
Tax brackets and rates may also change as a result of Biden’s multi-trillion stimulus package that will require higher taxes to fund the many social spending programs included in the Democrat only plan. Congress is still trying to finalize a bill around Biden’s stimulus package and deliberations are ongoing, but here are some potential changes:
- The top marginal income tax rate could rise 39.6% (from 37%) for individuals making over $400,000 and married couples making over $450,000.
- Capital gain taxes could increase, including potentially taxing unrealized gains
- An additional surtax may be imposed on the richest Americans.
2021 Tax Brackets
Below are the official 2021 IRS tax brackets. Note that the updated tax rates and taxable income brackets would only apply for the 2021 tax year (filed in 2022). For current tax filings, covering the 2020 tax year, refer to the 2020 tax brackets update/table below.
2021 Federal Taxable Income IRS Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly + SS | Married, filing separately | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $9,950 | Up to $19,900 | Up to $9,950 | Up to $14,200 |
| 12% | $9,951 to $40,525 | $19,901 to $81,050 | $9,951 to $40,525 | $14,201 to $54,200 |
| 22% | $40,526 to $86,375 | $81,051 to $172,750 | $40,526 to $86,375 | $54,201 to $86,350 |
| 24% | $86,376 to $164,925 | $172,751 to $329,850 | $86,376 to $164,925 | $86,351 to $164,900 |
| 32% | $164,926 to $209,425 | $329,851 to $418,850 | $164,926 to $209,425 | $164,901 to $209,400 |
| 35% | $209,426 to $523,600 | $418,851 to $628,300 | $209,426 to $314,150 | $209,401 to $523,600 |
| 37% | Over $523,600 | Over $628,300 | Over $314,150 | Over $523,600 |
| Standard Deduction | $12,550 | $25,100 | $12,550 | $18,800 |
2020 Tax Brackets
2020 tax brackets/income thresholds (and subsequent years) are now based on the more accurate chained Consumer Price Index (CPI) formula the IRS has been mandated to use. Prior to that the standard CPI was used to adjust the brackets.
2020 Income Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, filing separately | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $9,875 | Up to $19,750 | Up to $9,875 | Up to $14,100 |
| 12% | $9,876 to $40,125 | $19,751 to $80,250 | $9,876 to $40,125 | $14,101 to $53,700 |
| 22% | $40,126 to $85,525 | $80,251 to $171,050 | $40,126 to $85,525 | $53,701 to $85,500 |
| 24% | $85,526 to $163,300 | $171,051 to $326,600 | $85,526 to $163,300 | $85,501 to $163,300 |
| 32% | $163,301 to $207,350 | $326,601 to $414,700 | $163,301 to $207,350 | $163,301 to $207,350 |
| 35% | $207,351 to $518,400 | $414,701 to $622,050 | $207,351 to $311,025 | $207,351 to $518,400 |
| 37% | $518,400+ | $622,050+ | $311,025+ | $518,400+ |
2019 Tax Brackets
Below are the 2019 IRS tax brackets. Note that the updated tax rates and brackets would only apply for the 2019 tax year (filed in 2020). For current tax filings, covering the 2018 tax year, refer to the 2018 tax brackets update/table below.
2019 Income Tax Brackets and Rates
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, filing separately | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $9,700 | Up to $19,400 | Up to $9,700 | Up to $13,850 |
| 12% | $9,701 to $39,475 | $19,401 to $78,950 | $9,701 to $39,475 | $13,851 to $52,850 |
| 22% | $39,476 to $84,200 | $78,951 to $168,400 | $39,476 to $84,200 | $52,851 to $84,200 |
| 24% | $84,201 to $160,725 | $168,401 to $321,450 | $84,201 to $160,725 | $84,201 to $160,700 |
| 32% | $160,726 to $204,100 | $321,451 to $408,200 | $160,726 to $204,100 | $160,701 to $204,100 |
| 35% | $204,101 to $510,300 | $408,201 to $612,350 | $204,101 to $306,175 | $204,101 to $510,300 |
| 37% | $510,301+ | $612,351+ | $306,176+ | $510,301+ |
The standard deduction in 2019 will increase to $12,200/$24,400 (single/married) and $18,350 for heads of household. The personal exemption was eliminated last year.
2018 Tax Brackets
Below are the updated tax brackets next year following passage of the Trump/GOP tax reform bill. These tax brackets and income thresholds supersede the 2018 IRS tax brackets published in the earlier updates below.
The standard deduction in 2018 will almost double to $12,000/$24,000 (single/married) under the GOP tax bill. The $4,150 personal exemption will be fully eliminated for 2018.
Note – Use the 2017 IRS tax brackets published in the section below for your tax filing in 2018 (covering the 2017 tax year).
2018 Income Tax Brackets and Rates under Reconciled/Final Trump GOP Tax bill
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly | Married, filing separately | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | Up to $9,525 | Up to $19,050 | Up to $9,525 | Up to $13,600 |
| 12% | $9,526 to $38,700 | $19,051 to $77,400 | $9,526 to $38,700 | $13,601 to $51,800 |
| 22% | $38,701 to $82,500 | $77,401 to $165,000 | $38,701 to $$82,500 | $51,801 to $82,500 |
| 24% | $82,501 to $157,500 | $165,001 to $315,000 | $82,501 to $157,500 | $82,501 to $157,500 |
| 32% | $157,501 to $200,000 | $315,001 to $400,000 | $157,501 to $200,000 | $157,501 to $200,000 |
| 35% | $200,001 to $500,000 | $400,001 to $600,000 | $200,001 to $300,000 | $200,001 to $500,000 |
| 37% | $500,000+ | $600,000+ | $300,000+ | $500,000+ |
See this article for a comparison and evolution of the 2018 GOP Tax Brackets. I will update the above tax brackets if the IRS provides any further updates as the tax law details and impacts are fully assessed.
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With the continued low inflation environment federal IRS tax brackets, standard deductions and personal exemptions have only moderately increased in the past few years.
Original 2018 Federal IRS Tax Brackets
The following table lists the federal 2018 IRS Tax Brackets, standard deductions and personal exemptions (for taxes filed in 2019).
2018 Federal Tax Rates and Marginal Tax Brackets
| Tax Rate | Single | Married Filing Jointly | Married Filing Separate | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | $0–$9,525 | $0-$19,050 | $0–$9,525 | $0-$13,600 |
| 15% | $9,526–$38,700 | $19,051-$77,400 | $9,526–$38,700 | $13,601-$51,850 |
| 25% | $38,701-$93,700 | $77,401-$156,150 | $38,701-$78,075 | $51,851-$133,850 |
| 28% | $93,701–$195,450 | $156,151-$237,950 | $78,076-$118,975 | $133,851-$216,700 |
| 33% | $195,451-$424,950 | $237,951 -$424,950 | $118,976-$212,475 | $216,701-$424,950 |
| 35% | $424,951-$426,700 | $424,951-$480,050 | $212,476-$240,025 | $424,951-$453,350 |
| 39.6% | over $426,700 | over $480,050 | over $240,025 | over $453,350 |
| Exemption | $4,050 | $4,050 | $4,050 | $4,050 |
| Std Deduction | $6,350 | $12,700 | $6,350 | $9,350 |
2017 Federal IRS Tax Brackets
See below for the 2017 IRS Tax Brackets, standard deductions and personal exemptions (for taxes filed in 2018). Related changes over 2016 levels are also provided that reflect moderate changes.
2017 Federal Tax Rates and Marginal Tax Brackets
| Tax Rate | Single | Married Filing Jointly | Married Filing Separate | Head of Household |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | $0 – $9,325 | $0 - $18,650 | $0–$9,325 | $0-$13,350 |
| 15% | $9,326 – $37,950 | $18,651 - $75,900 | $9,376–$37,950 | $13,351-$50,800 |
| 25% | $37,951 - $91,900 | $75,901 - $153,100 | $37,951-$76,550 | $50,801-$131,200 |
| 28% | $91,901 – $191,650 | $153,101 - $233,350 | $76,551-$116,675 | $131,201-$212,500 |
| 33% | $190,651-$416,700 | $233,351 - $416,700 | $116,676-$208,350 | $212,501-$416,700 |
| 35% | $416,701-$418,400 | $416,701 - $470,700 | $208,351-$235,350 | $416,701-$444,550 |
| 39.6% | over $418,400 | over $470,700 | over $235,350 | over $444,550 |
| Exemption | $4,050 | $4,050 | $4,050 | $4,050 |
| Std Deduction | $6,350 | $12,700 | $6,350 | $9,350 |
Key 2017 tax updates:
- Marginal tax rates will remain the same as last year with 39.6% being the highest marginal tax rate. Tax brackets ranges will increase in line with COLA, so people with no income increases will actually see a lower marginal tax rate.
- The standard deduction rises by $50 for heads of household, single and married filling separate filers. Married couples filing jointly standard deduction rises by $100 over 2016 levels.
- The personal exemption stayed flat and did not rise for any filing type group. The exemption can be claimed for all qualifying dependents.
- The Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) exemption rose marginally in line with inflation. See more on AMT changes here.
- The maximum Earned Income Tax Credit thresholds will increased moderately relative to other tax credits given the number of low income people that depend on this. See the latest EIC tables,
- The gift tax exclusion will remain at $14,000
- Health Flexible spending arrangements (FSA) employee contribution limits will rise by $50 to $2,600 as mandated under the Affordable Care Act. The health FSA pre-tax deduction limit is per employee, per employer per plan year.
- 401K and IRA limits stayed generally flat in 2017
- Foreign earned income exclusion increased by $800 to $102,100.
Our president promised our nation “the greatest tax cut ever”. A family of 3 filing a tax return for tax year 2017 would have been able to take a standard deduction of $12,700., and exemptions of $4,050 for each of 3 people. This would have given them a total income reduction of $24,850. The same 3 people would be able to take a $24,000. deduction for 2018, but no exemptions, since they have been eliminated. Considering that if they received a cost of living increase, which is comparable to inflation, and comparing the two tax tables, they would probably be in worse shape financially then they were before. This doesn’t sound like” the greatest tax cut ever”. This sounds like “fuzzy math” to me!
I just requested my back from DES PUA so will see?
Do the income ranges in these tables refer to Adjusted Gross Income or Taxable income?
Taxable income.
Am I seeing things or are the brackets for married filing separate filers and single filers the same?
Thanks for the updated information.
This article erroneously states that the standard deduction in 2018 “will double” and lists the new $24,000 standard deduction for married filing jointly. However, the 2017 standard deduction for married filing jointly is $12,700 which doubled is $25,400.
When the elimination of the personal exemption is factored in, the bottom line change to the deduction allowed for a couple is a 15.4% increase, not 100% (if the deduction were doubled). (In 2017, standard deduction $12,700 plus 2 personal exemptions ($4,050 x 2 = $8,100) = $20,800 total deduction compared to 2018’s $24,000 total deduction.)
Super-seed? Try supersede. :)
:) yes thanks for the correction. Fixed now – typing too quickly and auto-correct kicked in I guess.
Under the Senate and House tax plans, how will qualified dividends be taxed? That is, for 2017, if
non-qualified-dividend taxable income for married filing jointly is less than $75,900, then the
qualified dividends are taxed at 0%. E.g., if $150,000 taxable income splits into $100,000 qualified
dividends and $50,000 non-qualified-dividend income, then the tax computation for qualified dividends
in 2017 would be ($100,000 + $50,000 – $75,900) x 15%.
My refund got accepted on February 6 i got my state but not my federal it still say processing why is that
I heard a rumor that President-elect Trump plans to increase the federal income tax on the lowest incomes from 10% to 12%. I haven’t been able to find out anything about that on fact-checking websites. Is there any truth to that rumor?
No that is not true. He actually wants to lower the tax burden from the lowest earners to 0% income tax. It is on his website under plans. Look for his tax plans!
sorry but no.. if you look at what he has purposed, he wants to make a 3 bracket system, placing the two lowest brackets into one of 12%. this will raise the lowest from its current 10% and lower the sec lowest from the current 15%. great for those in the current 15% bracket, but really really bad for those already struggling to death on the current 10%
See this article for Trump’s proposed Tax Plan > https://savingtoinvest.com/trump-tax-plan-cuts-and-changes-in-2017-2018-and-beyond/
The spelling of “filing’ is misspelled in your chart column headers on this page. It is spelled correctly in the text info but not in the headers.
Thanks. Corrected.